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What are the different types/categories of NBFCs registered with RBI?

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What are the different types/categories of NBFCs registered with RBI?
posted Jun 15, 2017 by Deepika Jain

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Types of NBFCs:
The Non-Banking Finance Companies operating in India fall in the following broad categories.

(1) Equipment Leasing Company is a company which carries on as its principal business, the business of leasing of equipments or the financing of such activity. Apart from their Net Owned Funds (NOF), the leasing companies raise finds in the form of deposits from other companies, banks and the financial institutions.

Public deposits and inter-corporate deposits account for 74 percent of their total funds. Leasing is a form of rental system. A lease is a contractual arrangement whereby the lessor grants the lessee the right to use an asset in return for periodical lease-rent payments.

There are two types of leasses (i) operating lease, and (ii) financial or capital lease. The operating lease is a short-term lease which can be cancelled. Financial lease is a non-concealable contractual commitment.

(2) Hire Purchase Finance Company is a company which carries on as its principle business, hire purchase transactions or the financing of such transactions. The sources of hire-purchase finance are

(i) Hire purchase Finance Companies.

(ii) Retails and Wholesale Traders.

(iii) Bank and Financial Institutions.

Hire-purchase finance or credit is a system under which term loans for purchase of goods, producer goods or consumer goods and services are advanced which have to be liquidated under an installment plan. The period of credit is generally one to three years. The hire purchase credits available for a wide range of products and services. Hire-purchase finance companies are the public or private limited companies or partnership firms engaged in giving credit for acquiring durable goods.

(3) Housing Finance Company is a company which carries on as its principle business, the financing of the acquisition or construction of houses including the acquisition or development of plots of lands for construction of houses. These companies are supervised by National Housing Bank, which refinances housing loans by scheduled commercial banks, co-operative banks, housing finance companies and the apex co-operative housing finance societies.

(4) Investment Company means any company which carries on as its principle business the acquisition of securities. These types of companies are investment holding companies formed by business houses. As such they provide finance mainly to companies associated with these business houses.

As compare to open-end investment companies or mutual funds/units trust, these investment companies are close end companies having a fixed amount of share capital. Almost all prominent industrial groups have their own investment companies.

(5) Loan Company is a company which carries on as its principle business, the providing of finance whether by making loans or advances or otherwise for any activity other than its own. (This category excludes No.1 to No. 3 above categories).

These types of companies are generally small partnership concerns which obtain funds in the form of deposits from the public and give loans to wholesale and retail traders, small scale industries and self-employed persons. These companies collect fixed deposits from the public by offering higher rates of interest and give loans to others at relatively higher rates of interest.

(6) Mutual Benefit Finance Company (i.e. Nidhi Company) means any company which is notified by the Central Government under section 620A of the Companies Act, 1956. The main sources of funds for nidhis are share capital, deposits from their members and deposits from the public.

Nidhis give, loans to their members-for several purposes like marriages, redemption of old debts, construction and etc. The nidhis normally follow the easy procedures and offer saving schemes and make credits available to those whose credit needs remain unmet by his commercial banks.

(7) Chit Fund Company is a company which collects subscriptions from specified number of subscribers periodically and in turn distributes the same as prizes amongst them. Any other form of chit or kuri is also included in this category. The chit fund companies operations are governed by the Chit Fund Act, 1982, which is administered by State Governments. Their deposit taking activities are regulated by the Reserve Bank.

The chit fund companies enter into an agreement with the subscribers that everyone of them shall subscribe a certain amount in installments over a definite period and that every one of such subscriber shall in his turn, as determined by lot or by auction or by tender, be entitled to a prize amount.

(8) Residuary Non-Banking Company is a company which receives deposits under any scheme by way of subscriptions/contributions and does not fall in any of the above categories.

There are few unhealthy features of the operations of these companies; (i) Negative NOF (Net Owned Fund), (ii) Understatement of their deposit liability, (iii) Forfeiture of deposits, (iv) Levy of service charges on the depositors (v) Payment of high rates of commission, etc.

To remove these features, RBI has extended prudential norms to these companies, introduced compulsory registration requirement, specified minimum rates of interest payable on their deposits under different schemes. Under the RBI (Amendment) Act, 1997, the RBI directly inspects and monitoring the activities of these companies.
Registration:

The Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act, 1997 provides for compulsory registration with the Reserve Bank of all NBFCs, irrespective of their holding of public deposits, for commencing and carrying on business, minimum entry point norms, maintenance of a portion of deposits in liquid assets, creation of Reserve Fund and transfer of 20 percent of profit after tax annually to the fund.

The act provides for an entry point norm of Rs. 25 lakh as the minimum Net Owned Fund (NOF). Subsequently, for new NBFC’s seeking registration with the Reserve Bank to commence business on or after April 21, 1999, the requirement of minimum level of NOF was revised upwards to Rs. 2 crore.

No NBFC can commence or carry on business of a financial institution including acceptance of public deposit without obtaining a Certificate of Registration (COR) from the Reserve Bank.
Supervision of NBFCs:

The Supervisory framework for NBFCs is based on three aspects—(a) the size of NBFC, (b) type of activity (c) the acceptance or otherwise of public deposits. Towards this end, a four-pronged supervisory strategy comprising

(a) On-site inspection based on CAMELS (Capital, Assets, Management, Earnings, Liquidity, Systems and Procedures) methodology.

(b) Computerized off-site surveillance through periodic control returns,

(c) An effective market intelligence network, and

(d) A system of submission of exception reports by auditors of NBFCs

answer Jun 15, 2017 by Deepak Jangid
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